E320 — BHA
E320 (BHA), a antioxidant, is rated "avoid": worth avoiding. A synthetic antioxidant in cereals, fats, and snack foods. The WHO's cancer agency (IARC) classifies it as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), and California lists it as a chemical known to cause cancer. Most clean-label brands have dropped it.
What is BHA?
A synthetic petroleum-derived antioxidant that keeps fats from going rancid. You encounter it in some breakfast cereals, instant mashed potato, chewing gum, cured meats, snack foods, and the fats used to make them — often paired with BHT.
What does it do to the body?
High doses caused forestomach tumours in rats and hamsters. IARC concluded that is enough to call it possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), and California's Prop 65 has listed it as a carcinogen since 1990. The counter-argument is real: humans have no forestomach, and EFSA judged that specific mechanism not relevant to us. But the classification stands, no one has shown the effect is limited to that organ, and the additive is entirely optional — vitamin E and rosemary extract do the same job.
What regulators say
IARC: Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. The US National Toxicology Program lists it as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. California Prop 65 lists it as a carcinogen. EFSA nevertheless raised the acceptable daily intake to 1 mg per kg of body weight per day in 2011, arguing the rat forestomach effect doesn't translate; the FDA permits it as GRAS at low levels. It is legal in both the EU and US — the flag reflects the cancer classifications regulators have not withdrawn.
Risk rating: Avoid
Known or suspected to cause harm: a substance EFSA or another regulator has flagged, or one restricted in some jurisdictions. Best kept out of a regular diet.
Source: IARC — list of classifications (BHA, Group 2B) ↗