Food thickeners and gums, rated

Thickeners give food body and stop it separating, and the good news is simple: as a group they are among the least concerning additives. Of the 24 here, just 1 is rated avoid. Most of the gums land on watch for digestive reasons, not toxicity, and 12 are rated safe outright.

The gums (xanthan, guar, locust bean and the rest) are mostly soluble fibres. In large amounts they can cause bloating or a laxative effect, which is why they sit on watch, but that is a comfort issue rather than a safety one. The single avoid here is a synthetic cellulose, flagged for the same gut-lining questions raised about some emulsifiers.

Avoid · 1

Known or suspected to cause harm: a substance EFSA or another regulator has flagged, or one restricted in some jurisdictions. Best kept out of a regular diet.

E466Carboxymethyl cellulose
A modified cellulose emulsifier and thickener, also called cellulose gum. In a 2022 randomised human feeding…
Avoid

Watch · 11

Mixed evidence or a specific concern (gut, allergy, or contested safety data). Not alarming, but worth keeping an eye on rather than eating without limit.

E405Propylene glycol alginate
A seaweed-derived thickener and foam stabiliser, chemically modified with propylene glycol. Used in salad…
Watch
E410Locust bean gum
A natural thickener from carob tree seeds. Used in ice cream, cream cheese, and soft cheeses to give a smooth…
Watch
E412Guar gum
A natural thickener from guar bean. Common in gluten-free baking, ice cream, sauces, and yogurt. Acts as…
Watch
E414Acacia gum
Gum arabic. A natural fiber harvested from acacia trees. Used as a stabiliser in soft drinks, confectionery,…
Watch
E415Xanthan gum
A widely used thickener made by bacterial fermentation. Standard in gluten-free baking, dressings, sauces,…
Watch
E417Tara gum
A natural thickener from tara tree seeds. Used in ice cream, dairy, sauces, and dressings, often alongside…
Watch
E418Gellan gum
A thickener and gelling agent made by bacterial fermentation. Used in plant milks, fruit fillings, and…
Watch
E440Pectin
A natural gelling fiber from apple and citrus peel. The reason jam sets. Used in jellies, yogurts, fruit…
Watch
E460Cellulose
Purified plant fiber. Used as a bulking agent and anti-caking agent in shredded cheese, baked goods, and…
Watch
E461Methyl cellulose
A modified plant fiber used as a thickener and binder. Common in plant-based meat substitutes, sauces, and…
Watch
E464Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
A modified plant fiber used as a binder in gluten-free baking, plant-based meats, and pharmaceutical…
Watch

Safe · 12

Cleared by EFSA with no significant concern at typical dietary exposure. Common, well-studied, and not a reason to put a product back on the shelf.

E413Tragacanth
A natural gum from astragalus shrubs in the Middle East. Used as a thickener and binder in salad dressings,…
Safe
E1200Polydextrose
A soluble fiber synthesized from glucose. Used to add bulk and fiber to low-sugar and low-fat products. Can…
Safe
E1400Dextrin
A partially broken-down starch. Used as a thickener and binder in sauces, soups, and baby food. Same compound…
Safe
E1404Oxidized starch
Starch treated with hypochlorite to make it more stable in batter coatings, salad dressings, and gummies.…
Safe
E1410Monostarch phosphate
Starch modified with phosphate groups for stability in frozen and acidic foods. Digested as regular…
Safe
E1412Distarch phosphate
Starch cross-linked with phosphate for heat and acid resistance. Common in canned soups, sauces, and baby…
Safe
E1413Phosphated distarch phosphate
Starch with combined cross-linking and stabilisation. Used in canned and frozen foods that need to survive…
Safe
E1414Acetylated distarch phosphate
A cross-linked starch with acetate groups for low-temperature stability. Used in chilled and frozen foods.…
Safe
E1420Acetylated starch
Starch with acetate groups added for thickening and freeze-thaw stability. Common in frozen foods, sauces,…
Safe
E1422Acetylated distarch adipate
A cross-linked starch used in canned soups, salad dressings, and dairy products. Digested as regular…
Safe
E1442Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
A cross-linked starch used in canned soups, sauces, and frozen foods. Digested as regular…
Safe
E1450Starch sodium octenyl succinate
A modified starch used as an emulsifier in flavored drinks, dressings, and beverage clouding agents. Digested…
Safe

Frequently asked questions

Are food thickeners and gums bad for you?
Mostly no. Of the 24 thickeners we track, only 1 is rated avoid, 11 are worth watching, and 12 carry no significant concern. As a group, thickeners and gums are among the least worrying additives.
Is xanthan gum bad for you?
Xanthan gum (E415) is rated watch, not avoid. It is well tolerated by most people, but in large amounts it can have a laxative effect and cause bloating or gas. In the small quantities used in food, it is generally fine.
Are gums like guar and locust bean gum safe?
These plant-derived gums sit on watch rather than avoid. They are soluble fibres, so the main effect at higher intake is digestive (gas, bloating) rather than toxic. For most people, at food levels, they are not a concern.
Why is cellulose gum different?
Carboxymethyl cellulose (E466) is the one thickener here rated avoid, because some research links certain synthetic celluloses to effects on the gut lining and microbiome, similar to the emulsifier question. The plant gums do not carry the same flag.
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